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Direct Visualization
Cholangioscopy Image Reference Guide
The intent of this reference guide is to help familiarize physicians with the appearance of biliary findings. Images of normal bile, cystic and hepatic ducts are presented to illustrate and familiarize the user with the appearance of a healthy, normal ducts and to contrast with the appearance of the biliary tree in a variety of pathologic states. Images featuring various types of benign and malignant conditions are represented in this guide, including strictures, villous lesions, stone disease, and more.
Normal DuctsThroughout the biliary tree, the mucosa has a soft creamy pearly color. Mucosal depressions can be seen which become more apparent in the distal bile duct. They tend to disappear during luminal distention. The vascular pattern is well defined, the vessel contour is crisp and the vascular network is evident. Villous formation is also more noticeable in the distal bile duct. It tends to be uniform, avascular and of short stalk. |
Mucosal Depressions
Shallow Depressions
Normal Vascular Pattern
Normal Villous Pattern
Normal Common Bile Duct
Normal Cystic Duct Common Bile Duct Junction
Normal Common Hepatic Duct
Normal Deep Left Hepatic Duct
Normal Deep Right Hepatic Duct
Normal Left Hepatic Duct Hilum
Normal Mucosa
Normal Papillary Area
Normal Right Hepatic Duct Hilum
Normal Right Hepatic Duct
Normal Suprapapillary
Cystic Duct Stone
Intrahepatic Stone
Homium Laser Lithotripsy
Villiform Formation
Villous Lession
Exophytic Vascular Tissue
Characteristics of a Malignant Stricture
Cholangiocarcinoma Extension
Increased Vascularity
Cholangiocarcinoma STX
Vascular Lakes
Filling Defects Showing Surgical Staples
Desquamated Epithelium II
Filling Defects Showing Surgical Staples II
Stone Debris
Desquamated Epithelium
Biliary Anastamosis Four Years
Biliary Anastamosis Two Years
Biliary Anastamosis Six Months
Native Cystic Duct Biliary Anastamosis Four Years
Biliary Anastamosis 18 Months Intrahepatic Stones
Epithelial Bridge
Epithelial Bridge II
Portal Vein Thrombosis Portal Cholangiopathy
Portal Vein Thrombosis Portal Cholangiopathy IV
Portal Vein Thrombosis Portal Cholangiopathy II
Portal Vein Thrombosis Portal Cholangiopathy III
Hemobilia
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